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Air Today . . . Gone Tomorrow Article NYCOSH testimony on
post-9/11 Lower Manhattan contamination: Delivered to the New York City Council's joint
meeting of the Select Committee on Lower Manhattan Redevelopment and the Committee on
Health.
Testimony of David M. Newman, M.A.,
M.S., Industrial Hygienist New York Committee for Occupational Safety & Health
(NYCOSH)
MARCH 29, 2004
My name is David Newman. I am
an industrial hygienist with the New York Committee for Occupational Safety and Health
(NYCOSH). NYCOSH is an independent, non-profit, union-based health and safety organization
located here in Manhattan. Over 200 local unions and other labor and community
organizations in the metropolitan area are members of NYCOSH, as are several hundred
individual workplace safety and health activists, healthcare and legal professionals, and
concerned citizens. NYCOSH has been providing technical assistance and comprehensive
training in occupational safety and health to unions, employers, government agencies, and
community organizations for twenty-five years.
Since the tragic events of September 11, 2001 and continuing to this day, NYCOSH, in
partnership with the National Disaster Ministries of the United Church of Christ, has
worked closely with unions, employers, and non-profit, immigrant, community, and tenant
organizations at Ground Zero and throughout Lower Manhattan. This work has included
outdoor and indoor environmental sampling, assessment of the safety and healthfulness of
affected workplaces and residences, help with design or evaluation of sampling, cleanup,
and re-occupancy protocols, and technical assistance with building ventilation and
filtration issues.
NYCOSH serves as an information clearinghouse for area workers, unions, employers, and
residents. NYCOSH, in collaboration with the Queens College Center for the Biology of
Natural Systems and the Latin American Workers' Project, operated a mobile medical unit
near Ground Zero which provided free medical screenings for immigrant day laborers engaged
in the cleanup of contaminated offices and residences. We provided respirators to hundreds
of area workers, along with changeout filter cartridges, fit-testing, and training in
proper respirator use. In addition, NYCOSH has provided training in occupational safety
and health to hundreds of area workers. NYCOSH continues to collect and evaluate
environmental sampling results and other pertinent data from both public and private
sources and to consult with scientific and medical experts to ensure that our information
about environmental and occupational health conditions in Lower Manhattan is
comprehensive, accurate, and current.
The events of 9/11 and thereafter resulted in arguably the worst environmental disaster in
the history of New York City. Two and a half years later, we still do not have a good
understanding of the nature and extent of contamination associated with those events.
Although government agencies have collected hundreds of thousands of sampling results,
neither EPA nor any other agency has designed or implemented a systematic, comprehensive
testing program. EPA has characterized every major chemical or hazardous waste release in
the country over the last 20 years, except for Lower Manhattan. As a result, the available
data is still not adequate to draw any scientifically valid conclusion of safety or risk.
So what do we know today? We know that contaminated outdoor air was largely cleansed over
time by wind and rain. However, contaminants that made their way indoors are likely to
remain for long periods of time if they are not subjected to targeted cleanup efforts.
They can repeatedly settle out and be re-suspended in indoor air, where they are available
for inhalation by occupants. It is possible for indoor concentrations to increase to
higher levels than outdoor concentrations.
We know that very few of the environmental samples collected by government agencies are
indoor samples. Thus, very little is definitively known about indoor conditions. There has
been no government effort to systematically collect or evaluate the tens of thousands of
indoor environmental samples collected by private businesses and organizations. In the
single effort of which I am aware, New York City Department of Environmental Protection
requested downtown building owners to submit information on environmental hazard
assessments and cleanup efforts. The few responses were not evaluated or shared with the
public by DEP.
We know that there have been only two government studies of indoor contaminants downtown.
A December 2001 study by the New York City Department of Health and the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry found that 13% of residential dust samples contained
greater than 1% asbestos by weight. The percentage of fiberglass in indoor dust samples
ranged from 2% to 35%. Note that these levels of contamination were found after most of
the sampled apartments had been cleaned. A summer 2003 study by EPA found that 14% of
tested apartments had lead levels before cleaning that exceeded the agency's cleanup
benchmark of 25 micrograms per square foot. Although these results may not be
representative of all downtown apartments, they clearly indicate a potential for more
widespread indoor contamination.
We know that independent tests have found elevated indoor levels of asbestos at 105 Duane
Street, 90 Church Street, 345 Chambers Street, 233 Broadway, and 19 Rector Street.
Elevated indoor levels of lead have been found at 345 Chambers Street and 199 Chambers
Street. Elevated indoor levels of mercury have been found at 90 Church Street and 45
Warren Street. Elevated indoor levels of silica have been found at 114 Liberty Street.
Elevated indoor levels of dioxin have been found at 30 West Broadway.
In fact, with regard to dioxin, EPA itself has stated "It would be reasonable to
conclude that the concentrations to which individuals could be potentially exposed ...
within and near the WTC site through the latter part of November are likely the highest
ambient concentrations that have ever been reported." (Exposure And Human Health
Evaluation Of Airborne Pollution From The World Trade Center Disaster, Oct. 2002)
We know that government agencies downplayed and continue to downplay the extent and
significance of threats to public health and to the environment in Lower Manhattan. As a
result, the city did not utilize in Lower Manhattan the aggressive emergency measures to
protect public health and the environment which it has employed in previous disaster
response operations.
We know that neither EPA nor any other agency provided technical guidance or assistance to
landlords and employers in the effective and safe removal of indoor contaminants. We know
that NYC DOHMH did not establish re-occupancy guidelines to minimize health risk before
the return to workplaces or residences.
We know that of that, of approximately 23,000 apartments below Canal Street, EPA cleaned
or tested 4,167. In other words, 82% of downtown apartments have not been cleaned or
tested under the EPA program. How many of these are or were contaminated? We do not know,
nor is there any mechanism in place for finding out. We do know that mechanical
ventilation systems were largely excluded from residential cleanup efforts. We know that
in some cases independent tests found elevated levels of contaminants subsequent to EPA
cleanup.
We know that the approximately 1,500 commercial and institutional buildings in Lower
Manhattan, including offices, schools, and fire houses, were excluded from EPA's testing
and cleaning efforts. In the absence of guidelines, directives, oversight, or enforcement
from government agencies, the response of employers and landlords ran the gamut from
appropriate testing and effective cleanup to neither.
We know that, as a result, tens of thousands of workers and tenants have been left on
their own to trust whatever their employers and landlords told them.
We know that thousands of transit, sanitation, utility, telephone and other workers were
exposed or potentially exposed to toxic contaminants during the rescue, clean up, and
re-occupancy process without being appropriately trained or equipped with appropriate
personal protective equipment.
We know that OSHA's respiratory protection standard was not enforced at or around Ground
Zero. As a consequence, the percentage of workers who should have worn respirators but
didn't never surpassed 60% and sometimes was as low as 20%.
We know that of the hundreds of immigrant day laborers engaged in the cleanup of
contaminated offices and residences around Ground Zero that NYCOSH and the Queens College
Center for the Biology of Natural Systems saw at our mobile medical van, the vast majority
have persistent respiratory symptoms.
We know anecdotally that of the 9,000 Ground Zero workers and volunteers seen by the World
Trade Center Screening Program, half have symptoms consistent with mental health problems
and/or psychosocial dysfunction, three quarters have at least one persistent WTC-related
pulmonary symptom, and almost 90% have at least one ear, nose, or throat symptom.
We know that there has been no systematic assessment of the health outcomes of Lower
Manhattan residents. We know that there has been no systematic assessment of the health
outcomes of Lower Manhattan workers who were not involved in rescue or recovery operations
but who may have been exposed to toxic contaminants.
As we assess the strengths and deficiencies of our response to 9/11, even at this late
date, there is much that can be done to protect those who may still be at risk and to
ensure that we are better prepared to safeguard public health and environmental quality in
the event of a future natural or technological disaster.
In the short term, NYCOSH recommends the implementation of a comprehensive,
representative, science-based indoor testing program to determine the nature and extent of
remaining 9/11 contamination. This should be followed, where warranted, by appropriate
abatement and by clearance tests. This program should include all indoor spaces -
residential, commercial, and institutional.
The current medical screening program should be expanded in scope and funding to cover all
affected workers, volunteers, and residents and to provide appropriate medical
surveillance and treatment to those in need who do not otherwise have access to medical
care or insurance. Workers compensation claims for 9/11-related injuries or illness should
be expedited.
In the long term, it must be recognized that the current regulatory framework has been
proven inadequate in catastrophic incidents of this nature and scope. NYCOSH recommends
that government agencies at all levels begin now to prepare a coordinated, uniform,
comprehensive disaster response plan, elements of which should include:
- designation of a lead agency to
coordinate response; coordination of federal, state and local agencies; clear delineation
of the role of each agency; ability of each agency to act quickly and with authority in
its areas of expertise
- pro-active planning to ensure
adequate response in all sectors, including workplaces, residences, and indoor and outdoor
public spaces
- a compendium of applicable laws
and regulations, including those pertaining to occupational safety and health,
environmental protection, and worker and community right-to-know
- enforcement of applicable laws,
standards, and regulations, rather than a policy of voluntary compliance
- a best practices guidebook based
on previous incidents
- evacuation and re-occupancy
criteria, including evaluation and reform of building and fire codes
- a protocol for uniformity in
environmental sampling and analysis, collection of results from both government and
independent sources, and centralization and evaluation of results
- rapid and ongoing hazard analysis
utilizing all available data, including but not limited to environmental sampling results,
SARA Title III annual reports, toxic release inventory release reports, etc.
- honest and accurate risk
communication and public health education
- creation of an expanded population
of properly trained and equipped first responders
- a central personnel registry to
track workers, volunteers, and exposed or otherwise affected persons
- a toxic-use-reduction program to
minimize on-site storage of toxic and flammable substances.
Thank you for this opportunity to
share our views today.
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